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A 12,000-Year-Old Shaman
A 12,000-Year-Old Shaman From Hilazon Tachtit, Israel & The Emergence Of Religion
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A new paper in PNAS reports on an interesting find from a 12,000-year-old Natufian burial complex in the Hilazon Tachtit cave site in Israel — a shaman, which is unlike any other Natufian burial known to date. Before I get into the details of the paper, let me first introduce the Natufian culture and the ecological context members of this culture lived in.
The Natufian culture existed in the Levant from 14,500 to 11,500 years before the present. They were hunter gatherers at first and had a microlithic industry, perfecting short blades and bladelets. Two different human burials at the Ein Mallaha and Hayonim sites include dogs, suggesting they domesticated dogs around 12,000 years ago. The spread of the culture can be estimated by the presence of Anatolian obsidian and shellfish from the Nile-valley being found at Ein Mallaha.
Around 12,800 to 11,500 years ago a climate shift occurred. There are many names for this climate change, I’ll call it the Younger Dryas event. During this period, there was a rapid return to glacial conditions caused by a significant reduction of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. And by rapid I mean it happened within 10 years. The cold and dry Younger Dryas climate lowered the biological carrying capacity of the Levant. This ecological change from the Younger Dryas forced cultures into planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, and practicing agriculture.
Okay going back to the paper, archaeologists have recently excavated the Hilazon Tachtit cave site. Hilazon Tachtit is located about 15 km west of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. The site is dated to be 12,400 – 12,000 years old, right at this ecological and cultural transitional period. The site is primarily a burial ground of at least 28 Natufian individuals. Most of the remains are buried in one collective pit, but one burial was special. The remains of a 45 year old woman was separate and accompanied by lots of animal remains. She had bone spurs on her pelvis and spine, indicating she suffered physical ailments. Accompanying her burial are the remains of the tail bones from a cow, a wing bone from a golden eagle, a forearm of a boar, 50 tortoise carapace pieces, two marten skulls and a large foot from another person. She’s intricately buried in a certain position with a stones arranged in a certain fashion and unlike the other individuals.
The authors argue that she was a shaman. Although the term shaman originally comes from the Tungisic speaking people from Siberia, many gatherer groups and small-scale agricultural cultures have had a shamanistic role — a member of the community who functioned as an intermediate between the human and spirit world. They were healer-magician hybrids. The elaborate burial of this physically disabled woman accompanied with tortoises, cow tails, eagle wings, and fur-bearing animals fall in line with our observation of other shaman burials found throughout the world.
The presence of a shaman in this critical transitional period of human cultural evolution suggest that the seeds of organized religion were already planted. Now, there are controversial depictions of shamans in cave art from 15,000 years ago, but this 12,000 year old burial is the first physical evidence of the ideological and socioeconomic changes that accompanied the forager-to-farmer Neolithic transformation. The development of spiritual ideas and religion are a big part of human cultural evolution. We don’t know exactly when human ancestors developed such thoughts, it could certainly be earlier than 12,000 years ago, but at least we now know that early Neolithic peoples, like the Natufians had at least one shaman.
When do you think religious thoughts emerged during human evolution. Oh yeah, I have to ask, does anyone roll shaman in WoW?
The Natufian culture existed in the Levant from 14,500 to 11,500 years before the present. They were hunter gatherers at first and had a microlithic industry, perfecting short blades and bladelets. Two different human burials at the Ein Mallaha and Hayonim sites include dogs, suggesting they domesticated dogs around 12,000 years ago. The spread of the culture can be estimated by the presence of Anatolian obsidian and shellfish from the Nile-valley being found at Ein Mallaha.
Around 12,800 to 11,500 years ago a climate shift occurred. There are many names for this climate change, I’ll call it the Younger Dryas event. During this period, there was a rapid return to glacial conditions caused by a significant reduction of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. And by rapid I mean it happened within 10 years. The cold and dry Younger Dryas climate lowered the biological carrying capacity of the Levant. This ecological change from the Younger Dryas forced cultures into planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, and practicing agriculture.
Okay going back to the paper, archaeologists have recently excavated the Hilazon Tachtit cave site. Hilazon Tachtit is located about 15 km west of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. The site is dated to be 12,400 – 12,000 years old, right at this ecological and cultural transitional period. The site is primarily a burial ground of at least 28 Natufian individuals. Most of the remains are buried in one collective pit, but one burial was special. The remains of a 45 year old woman was separate and accompanied by lots of animal remains. She had bone spurs on her pelvis and spine, indicating she suffered physical ailments. Accompanying her burial are the remains of the tail bones from a cow, a wing bone from a golden eagle, a forearm of a boar, 50 tortoise carapace pieces, two marten skulls and a large foot from another person. She’s intricately buried in a certain position with a stones arranged in a certain fashion and unlike the other individuals.
The authors argue that she was a shaman. Although the term shaman originally comes from the Tungisic speaking people from Siberia, many gatherer groups and small-scale agricultural cultures have had a shamanistic role — a member of the community who functioned as an intermediate between the human and spirit world. They were healer-magician hybrids. The elaborate burial of this physically disabled woman accompanied with tortoises, cow tails, eagle wings, and fur-bearing animals fall in line with our observation of other shaman burials found throughout the world.
The presence of a shaman in this critical transitional period of human cultural evolution suggest that the seeds of organized religion were already planted. Now, there are controversial depictions of shamans in cave art from 15,000 years ago, but this 12,000 year old burial is the first physical evidence of the ideological and socioeconomic changes that accompanied the forager-to-farmer Neolithic transformation. The development of spiritual ideas and religion are a big part of human cultural evolution. We don’t know exactly when human ancestors developed such thoughts, it could certainly be earlier than 12,000 years ago, but at least we now know that early Neolithic peoples, like the Natufians had at least one shaman.
When do you think religious thoughts emerged during human evolution. Oh yeah, I have to ask, does anyone roll shaman in WoW?
- L. Grosman, N. D. Munro, A. Belfer-Cohen (2008). A 12,000-year-old shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806030105
La misteriosa tomba della sciamana
La
misteriosa tomba della sciamana
Scoperta in Galilea una tomba molto particolare: raccoglie infatti i resti di una sciamana preistorica, figura che testimonia la presenza, sin dai tempi del neolitico, di persone a cui si attribuivano poteri magici
I Natufiani sono un popolo neolitico vissuto nella Palestina fra i 15.000 e gli 11.000 anni fa, e sono fra i primi a cui era nota la raccolta sistematica dei cereali e la loro coltivazione. Prima di essere agricoltori i natufiani erano cacciatori e raccoglitori, e come tutte le popolazioni di questo tipo anche tra loro ci dovevano essere persone dotate di particolari “poteri spirituali”, gli sciamani. La tomba di uno di questi sacerdoti-guaritori del neolitico, è stata ora scoperta dall’archeologo Leore Grosman, dell’Istituto di Archeologia dell’Università Ebrea di Tel Aviv, nel cimitero natufiano di Hilazon Tachtit, nella Galilea Occidentale. La tomba offre uno squarcio affascinante del mondo simbolico e religioso di un popolo ormai scomparso da così tanto tempo. Lo sciamano in questione, prima di tutto era una donna di 45 anni, che, a causa di un difetto nella colonna vertebrale doveva camminare zoppicando o trascinando una gamba. Doveva essere molto amata dalla sua tribù perché nella sua tomba è stato trovato un corredo mai visto in tutte le altre 28 sepolture natufiane di Hilazon Tachtit.
Come scritto da Grosman e colleghi sulla rivista PNAS, la cosa più sorprendente è stata la presenza intorno allo scheletro di ben 50 gusci di tartaruga, uccise e mangiate dopo che la tomba era stata scavata. Visto che le tartarughe sono animali solitari, catturarne una cinquantina non deve essere stato facile, il che fa pensare che sia stato compiuto un rito molto costoso ed elaborato dopo la morte della sciamana o che questi animali fossero allevati, magari proprio allo scopo di compiere riti con le loro carni. Probabilmente appartenenti alla sciamana stessa erano invece le altre parti di animali trovate nella tomba: il bacino di un leopardo, parte delle ali di un’aquila dorata, la coda di un bovino, due teschi di martora e la zampa anteriore di un cinghiale, quest’ultima allineata con il braccio sinistro della donna e forse quindi usato in vita come una “bacchetta” dalla guaritrice.
L’uso di parti di animale è comune fra gli sciamani come simbolo e mezzo di contatto con il mondo della natura: non sorprende quindi che anche questa di 15.000 anni fa sia stata sepolta con gli “attrezzi del mestiere”. Ma c’è un mistero: non si capisce proprio perché accanto a lei sia stato anche sepolto il piede di un uomo. Probabilmente, sebbene amata e rispettata dalla sua gente, la sciamana doveva essere anche temuta. Grosman ha infatti, scoperto che sul corpo della defunta, accuratamente deposto su un fianco ed allineato contro la parete curva della fossa, erano state poste 10 grosse pietre, come se ci si volesse assicurare che non uscisse più dalla tomba.
venerdì 30 settembre 2011
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